Eng笔记

此处是指为了存放笔记，方便复习，无它用
此笔记来自兔老爹 b 站视频 ()[https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1XY411J7aG?spm_id_from=333.788.player.switch&vd_source=8d3911b3ea1a601bcdf407a9dda15c01&p=2]

# 语法综述

# 动作 (动词)

1、可以独立完成的动词
主语 + 不及物动词

Papa Rabbit sleeps.
兔子睡觉

2、有 1 个动作的承受者
主语 + 单及物动词 + 宾语

Papa Rabbit likes you.
兔子喜欢你

3、有 2 个动作承受者
主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

Papa Rabbit teaches you English
兔子教你英语

4、只有 1 个动作承受 (但需补充)
主语 + 复杂及物动词 + 宾语 + (宾语) 补语

sb considers you smart
某人认为你很聪明

5、非 "动作"
主语 + 系动词 + (主语) 补语 / 表语

sb is tall
sb <- tall
某人看起来高

# 句子

句子成分 (8 只): 主语、谓语动词、宾语、宾语补语、主语补语、定语、状语、同位语。

简单句 -> 作主语 -> 主语从句
$~~~~~~~~~~~$-> 作宾语 -> 宾语从句
$~~~~~~~~~~~$-> 作表语 -> 表语从句
$~~~~~~~~~~~$-> 作同位语 -> 同位语从句
以上都是名词性从句
$~~~~~~~~~~~$-> 作定语 -> 定语从句
$~~~~~~~~~~~$-> 作状语 -> 状语从句

# 词性 (词类)

词性 (10 只): 动词 (Verbs)、名词 (Nouns)、冠词 (Articles)、代词 (Pronouns)、形容词 (Adjectives)、数词 (Numerals)、副词 (Adverbs)、介词 (Prepositions)、叹词 (Interjections)、连词 (Conjunctions)

# 谓语动词的 "三大本领"

1、动作时间 (Tense)
2、动作状态 (Aspect)
时间: $~~~~~~~~$ 动作:
现在$~~~~~~~~~~$ 一般
过去$~~~~~~~~~~$ 完成
将来$~~~~~~~~~~$ 进行
过去将来$~~~$完成进行

以上排列组合可以得到 16 种可能的时态

3、表示动作假设、情感...(Mood)

If I were a rabbit...
(虚拟语气)

时体气: TAM

# 协助谓语动词的 -- 助动词

eat:
$~~~~$ 吃过了 (完成) -> have -> have eaten
$~~~~$ 正在吃 (进行) -> be $~~~$-> is eating
$~~~~$ 被吃 $~~~~~~~~~~~~$->be$~~~~~$-> is eaten
$~~~~$ 有能力吃 $~~~~$ -> can $~~$ -> can eat
$~~~~$ 有可能吃 $~~~~~$-> might -> might eat
$~~~~$ 有义务吃 $~~~~~$-> must $~$-> must eat
$~~~~$ 不吃 (否定) $~~~$-> do $~~~~$-> do not eat

# 非谓语动词

非谓语动词通常出现：动词不定式、现在分词、动名词、过去分词

# 动词分类

实义动词
$~~~~$ 按动作承受着分
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 及物动词
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 不及物动词
$~~~~$ 按动作状态分
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 动作动词
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 状态动词
(连) 系动词
助动词
情态动词
非谓语动词
$~~~~$ 不定式
$~~~~$ 过去分词
$~~~~$ 现在分词
$~~~~$ 动名词

# 动词时态

# 一般现在时态

• 动词原形
• 动词原型 + s (第三人称单数)

I eat carrots. 我吃胡萝卜(并未特别指出状态)
She eats carrots.

# 1、表达事实

I eat carrots. 我吃胡萝卜(事实陈述)
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起

# 2、表达习惯 / 重复的动作

I play basketball. 我打篮球(我有这个习惯)

# 3、表示预计发生的事

The bus leaves at 8PM every day.
公交车每晚八点离站

# 现在进行时态

• 助动词 be 的变位 + 动词的现在分词

# 现在分词

通常: + ing

如: looking(看), smelling(闻), tasting(品尝)...
有些动词需要改变拼写, 如: 
write -> writing, 不是writeing
hit -> hitting, 不是hiting
die -> dying, 不是dieing

# 现在完成时态

• 助动词 have 的变位 + 动词的过去分词

# 过去分词

通常: + ed

如: looked(看), smelled(闻), tasted(品尝)...
有些动词是"不规则变化", 如: 
eat -> eaten; eat, give see, fall -> eaten, given, seen, fallen
bring -> brought; bring, buy, fight, think -> brought, bought, fought, thought
feel -> felt; feel, keep, sleep, leave -> felt, kept, slept, left

过去分词！= 过去式

I have eaten carrots. 我吃过胡萝卜

# 现在完成进行时态

• have 的变位 + been + 动词的现在分词

I eat carrots.
I have been eating carrots. 我在吃胡萝卜(不但吃了一些, 还要接着吃)

# 一般过去时态

• + 动词过去式

# 过去式

通常: + ed

如: looked(看), smelled(闻), tasted(品尝)...

有些动词是 "不规则变化", 如:

The rabbit ate a carrot. 兔子吃了胡萝卜(只知道兔子过去某个时刻正在吃胡萝卜)

# 过去的习惯动作

I used to play basketball. (我曾经常打篮球)

# 过去进行时态

• 助动词 be 的变位 + 动词的现在分词

The rabbit is eating a carrot. -> The rabbit was eating a carrot.
这兔子在过去某个时间点处在正在吃胡萝卜的过程中

# 现在完成时态 vs. 一般过去时态

• 一般过去时态更注重于: 动作有没有发生
• 现在完成时态更注重于: 动作完成了吗 (有影响)

# 一般过去时态 vs. 过去进行时态

• 一般过去时态可以看成一张照片
• 过去进行时态可以看成一段视频

# 过去完成时态

• 助动词 have 的变位 + 动词的过去分词

He tried to find me yesterday afternoon, but I had already gone to Shanghai
对于他试图找我那个时间点(昨天下午)来说, 过去某一点(昨天下午之前)我已经离开了, 去上海了, 所以影响就是: 他找不到我

# 过去完成进行时态

• 助动词 have 的变位 + been + 动词的现在分词

The rabbit has been eating a carrot. -> The rabbit had been eating a carrot.
兔子在过去的某个时间点已经吃了胡萝卜一段时间，并且后面还要吃。

# 一般将来时态

• will + 动词原型

# 将来某个时间点发生的动作 (说话者确定会发生的)

The sun will rise again tomorrow.
太阳明天也会照常升起

# 将来进行时态

• will + be + 动词的现在分词

# 将来某个时间，某个动作是在进行过程

I will be eating a carrot for lunch tomorrow.
我明天午饭会在吃胡萝卜这个动作过程中。

# 将来完成时态

• will + have + 动词的过去分词

I will have finished making the video by 4PM tomorrow, so I can publish it after that.
对于明天下午4点的那个时间点来说，我在那之前完成做视频，对明天下午四点钟有影响，影响是我可以发视频了。

# 将来完成进行时态

• will + 助动词 have 的变位 + been + 动词的现在分词

I will have been eating carrots for 2 hours by 3PM tomorrow.
我确定明天下午三点钟时，我不但已经吃了两个小时胡萝卜，而且还要接着吃。

# 一般过去将来时态

• would + 动词原型
• 助动词 be 的过去变位 + going + to + 动词原型

I said I would eat a carrot for lunch.
我(之前)说过我会午饭吃根胡萝卜(对于我之前说的话来说是在将来)

# 过去将来进行时态

• would + be + 动词的现在分词

I said I would be eating a carrot at 1PM tomorrow.
我之前说我明天下午一点会在吃胡萝卜的这个过程中。

# 过去将来完成时态

• would + have + 动词的过去分词

I said I would have eaten a carrot by 1PM tomorrow.
我之前说我明天下午1点会已经做完吃胡萝卜这个动作。

# 过去将来完成进行时态

• would + have + been + 动词的现在分词

I said I would have been eating lunch for 2 hours by 1PM tomorrow.
我之前说明天下午一点时在吃中饭的过程中，之前吃了两个小时，之后还要吃

# 时态汇总

# 动词语气

# 陈述语气

• 描述现实

The rabbit ate the carrot.

# 祈使语气

• 命令 / 请求

Rabbit, eat the carrot!

• 用第二人称，你用一般现在时态
• 去掉 "你", 并保证动词原型

You eat the carrot! -> Eat the carrot!
You don't eat it! -> Don't eat it!

# 虚拟语气

# 和现在事实相反

• 条件句：过去式
• 主句：would + 动词原形

If I saw the rabbit now, I would bite him.
注意这里的saw和would
这并非过去的时间

If I were you, I would give this video a thumbs-up.
如果我是你，我会给视频点赞
言下之意：我不是你

# 和将来事实相反 (可能性很小)

• 条件句：should/were to + 动词原型
• 主句：would/should/could/might + 动词原型

If I should see the rabbit tomorrow, I would bite him.
注意这里的should see 和 would

If I should meet thee after long years, how should I greet thee?
万一我们将来重逢了，我又该如何面对你呢？
言下之意：我们相会遥遥无期。

# 和过去事实相反

• 条件句：had + 动词过去分词
• 主句：would have + 动词过去分词

If I had seen the rabbit a few days ago, I would have bitten him.
注意这里的had seen 和 would have bitten

If I had watched this video before, I would have aced my test.
我要是之前就看了这个视频，那绝对能考个好成绩。
言下之意：我没有考出好成绩。

# 愿望，请求，建议，命令...

# wish (可能性小) 希望 hope

wish

• 对现在的愿望：wish + 动词过去式

I wish that I were a rabbit.
我希望我是只兔子

• 对过去的愿望：wish + had/would have + 动词过去分词

I wish (that) I had eaten the carrot.
我希望我吃了那只胡萝卜

• 对将来的愿望：wish + should + 动词原型

I wish (that) I could eat the carrot.
我希望我能吃那只胡萝卜。

demand, suggest, insist, order... 表示要求 / 建议 / 坚持 / 命令
后面都 + should + 动词原型

# 语气总结

陈述语气：描述现实
祈使语气：命令，请求...
虚拟语气："脑中的", "非现实的"...
$~~~~$ 与事实相反的假设
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与现在相反：if + 过去式；would + 原型
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与过去相反：if + 过去完成时；would have + 过去分词
$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与将来相反：if + should + 原型；would + 原型
$~~~~$ 表达愿望，请求，建议，命令等
$~~~~$$~~~~$wish
$~~~~$$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与现在相反：wish + 过去式
$~~~~$$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与过去相反：wish + 过去完成时
$~~~~$$~~~~$$~~~~$ 与将来相反：wish + would/could/might + 动词原型
$~~~~$$~~~~$demand,suggest,insist,would,rather...
$~~~~$$~~~~$$~~~~$ 主句从句，并与从句，表语从句，定语从句

# 非谓语动词

动词 -> 谓语动词 -> "核心"
动词 -> 非谓语动词 -> "非核心"

# 动词不定式

• to + 动词原型

To be or not to be, that is the question.
生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题

You helped me (to) cook the carrot.
你帮我做了胡萝卜。

# 不定式作主语

To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.
一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处

It is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot every day.
一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处.

# 不定式作宾语

The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜

# 不定式作形式宾语

I consider it important to eat a carrot every day.
我发现每天吃一个胡萝卜很重要

# 不定式作宾语补语

The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
兔子指望狼吃一根胡萝卜.

see/find/watch/have/make/let...
后面不定式作宾补时需要省略to
Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.
胡萝卜使兔子感到快乐

省不省略to区别不大
The wolf helped the rabbit grow carrots.
The wolf helped the rabbit to grow carrots.
狼帮兔子种胡萝卜。

# 不定式作主语补语 (表语)

The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world.
兔子的梦想就是吃掉世界上每一种胡萝卜

# 不定式作定语

The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
兔子有很多胡萝卜要吃.

# 不定式作状语

• 表原因

I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
我很吃惊(因为)得到一个赞

• 表目的

I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
我为了得到一个赞会做任何事。

• 表结果

I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.
我得到足够的赞可以去做另一个视频。

# 高级不定式

• to + 动词原型 (状态)
  "to be eating a carrot "
  "to have eaten a carrot"
  "to have been eating a carrot"

The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot.
这兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜(过程中)

The rabbit will appear to have eaten a carrot.
这兔子之后会看起来像是吃过一根胡萝卜。

# 动名词

动词 ing

# 动名词作主语

Eating carrots is healthy for the rabbit.
胡萝卜对兔子来说很健康
主语 Eating carrots 
系动词 is
主语补语(表语) healthy

# 动名词作主语补语 (表语)

The rabbit's hobby is growing carrots.
兔子的爱好是种胡萝卜
主语 The rabbit's hobby
系动词 is
主语补语(表语) growing carrots

Seeing is believing.
眼见为实

# 动名词作定语

a sleeping pill
定语 sleeping

# 动名词作宾语

The rabbit is fond of eating carrots.
兔子喜欢吃胡萝卜

The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again.
兔子希望再次见到狼
注意！！！这里的to是动词短语中的to，为介词，后加动名词

# 不定式作宾语 vs. 动名词作宾语

不定式是去做一件没做过的事
动名词则是已经做的事

The rabbit stopped to eat a carrot.
兔子停下(手里的活)去吃胡萝卜

The rabbit stopped eating a carrot.
兔子停止吃一根胡萝卜

The wolf forgot to invite the rabbit to her party.
狼忘记邀请兔子去参加他的聚会

The rabbit forgot acceping the wolf's invitation.
兔子忘记接受过狼的邀请

# 现在分词

# 现在分词作定语

a talking rabbit
一个正在说话的兔子

# 现在分词作表语

The rabbit is charming.
兔子是有魅力的。

The story is interesting.
故事是有趣的

The game is exciting.
游戏是刺激的

# 现在分词作宾语补足语

The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot.
狼之前看到兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜

# 现在分词作状语

表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、目的、方式和伴随情况等。

Hearing the news, the rabbit became excited.
听到这个消息，兔子很激动。

(原因)
Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.
不知道吃什么，兔子没吃中饭

# 过去分词

The rabbit will eat minced carrot next week.
兔子下周会吃搅碎的胡萝卜

eat -> eaten
see -> seen
cut -> cut
grow -> grown
tell -> told

# 过去分词作定语

a minced carrot.
一根搅碎的胡萝卜

a painted room
一个漆过的房间

an excited rabbit
一只激动的兔子

但是当过去分词短语作定语，需要放到被修饰的名词之后。

The carrot cake eaten by thee rabbit is delicious.
被兔子吃了的胡萝卜蛋糕很美味。

# 过去分词作主语补语 (表语)

The rabbit is interested.
兔子很有兴趣

The rabbit was frightened.
兔子感到害怕

# interested vs. interesting

interested 有种被动的关系
而 interesting 则是主动

The story is interesting.
这个故事是有趣的

The rabbit is interested.
兔子很有兴趣

# 过去分词作状语

Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
(表地点)
从山上看，胡萝卜田看上去很美。

Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit has been growing carrots all his life.
(表原因)
由于出生在一个兔子家庭里，兔子种了一辈子胡萝卜。

Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party.
(表条件)
如果再给兔子一次机会，他回去参加狼的聚会

The work finished, the rabbit went home.
(简单句)
工作完成后，兔子回家了。

After the work was finished, the rabbit went home.
(从句)
工作完成后，兔子回家了。

# 作状语时过去分词和现在分词的区别

分清楚是主动还是被动

Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful.
(被看)
从山上看，胡萝卜田看上去很美。

Seeing the carrot field, the rabbit ran towards it.
(主动看)
看到胡萝卜田，兔子朝它跑去。

# 独立主格

# 独立主格结构对从句的简化

If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out.
如果天气允许，兔子就会出门
if引导条件状语从句
        |
        V
The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
如果天气允许，兔子就会出门

After the work was finished, the rabbit went home.
工作完成后，兔子回家了
After引导时间状语从句
        |
        V
The work finished, the rabbit went home.
工作完成了，兔子回家了

# 名词 + 动词不定式

The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed.
兔子要来，狼乐翻天

# 不定代词 + 名词

Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves.
许多动物去了聚会，它们中的一些兔子是狼。

# 不定代词 + 形容词

Many animals went to the party, some of them happy.
许多动物去了聚会，它们中的一些很开心

# 名词 + 副词

The rabbit sat on a chair, head down.
兔子坐在一张椅子上，头垂着

# 名词 + 介词短语

The rabbit came in, carrot in hand.
兔子进来了，手里拿着胡萝卜

# 发现

名词 + being (省略) + ...

# 独立主格结构

非谓语动词
$~~~~$ 过去分词：("被动"/"完成")
$~~~~$ 现在分词：("主动"/"进行")
$~~~~$ 不定式：("将要")
$~~~~$...

# 助动词 & 情态动词

# 基本助动词 (还可以作实义动词)

be
to
have
...

be

The rabbit is eating a carrot.
兔子正在吃一根胡萝卜
(be -> is)(现在进行时态)

The carrot was eaten by the rabbit.
胡萝卜被兔子吃了
(be -> was)(被动语态)

have

The rabbit has eaten a carrot.
兔子吃掉了根胡萝卜
(have -> has)(现在完成时态)

do

The rabbit does like coins!
兔子真的喜欢硬币
(do -> does)(强调)

# 情态助动词

can/ could
may/ might
will/ would
shall/ should
must
ought to
dare/ dared
need
used to
...

can/ could
有能力做...
会...; 可以...

I can kill a wolf
我能杀死一只狼(表能力)

Could(更委婉) I borrow your book? Yes, of course.
我能借用你的书吗，当然可以。(表示请求许可)

Anything can happen.
什么事都可能发生(表可能性)

may/ might
请求
也许大概可能
表祝愿

May I borrow your book? Yes, of course.
我能借用你的书吗，当然可以。(表请求或许可)

The rabbit isn't here. He may be at home.
兔子不在这，它可能在家(不确定)
The rabbit isn't here. He might be at home.
兔子不在这，它可能在家(非常不确定)

must
表必须
表禁止
表推测

You must finish your homework first!
你必须先做完作业

You must not(mustn't) smoke here.
禁止你在这里吸烟

The light is on. The rabbit must be at home.
灯亮着，兔子一定在家(推测)

will/ would
构成将来时
表示请求，建议
表示推测，假设

The rabbit will eat a carrot.
兔子将吃一根胡萝卜(现在将来时)
The rabbit would eat a carrot.
兔子将在过去某一时间吃一根胡萝卜(过去将来时)

Would you please lend me that book?
请你借我那本书好吗？(请求，建议)

He would eat a carrot.
他可能吃一根胡萝卜

shall/ should
shall:
构成将来时
征求意见
表警告，命令

I shall be there at 9AM.
我早上9点会在那里

Shall we meet at 9AM?
我们早上9点见面如何？

You shall not murder. You shall not steal. You shall not covet.
你不可杀人，你不可偷盗，你不可贪心。

should:
表应当
表有一定依据的推测
表示 "竟然"
构成虚拟语气

We should treat the rabbit well.
我们应该对兔子好点。

It should rain tomorrow.
明天应该会下雨

It's surprising that he should be late.
很奇怪，他竟然会迟到

If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go.
如果明天万一下雨，我就不去了。

ought to
应该

We ought to treat the rabbit well.
我们应该对兔子好一点

need
(做实义动词) 需要
(情态动词) 需要；有必要

The rabbit need wait.
兔子需要等待(need 作情态动词)
The rabbit need not wait.
不必等待

The rabbit needs to wait.
兔子需要等待(need 作实义动词)
The rabbit does not need to wait.
兔子不必等待

dare
(作实义动词) 敢；挑战；冒险
(作情态动词) 敢

The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.
兔子不敢对狼说出真相

How dare you!
你好大的胆子

used to
表过去的动作 (强调和现在的对比)

The rabbit used to eat apples. Now he only eats carrots.
兔子过去(习惯)吃苹果，现在他只吃胡萝卜。

# 半助动词

be able to
be going to
be about to
had better
...

be able to
未来的能力
was/were able to...
成功做成...

I'll be able to reach scholl on time if I have right now.
如果我现在离开就可以按时到达学校。

I was able to reach school on time because I left home early.
因为我离家很早所以按时到学校。

be going to
主观，计划做某事，很快就要做

I'm going to eat dinner at 6PM today.
我会在6点吃完饭

be about to
马上就要做某事，时间更短

be to
命令做某事

You are to finish home work first.
你要先做完作业

I think they're to fall in love with each other.
我想他们注定会相爱

had better
最好做 (警告，忠告)

You had better follow my orders.
你最好听我的命令

# 系动词

keep
stay
seem
appear
feel
become
turn
prove
...

A <- B

The carrot smells nice;
这胡萝卜闻起来香

The room remained empty.
房间一直是空的。

The sky grew dark.
天空渐渐变暗

# 使役动词

make
let
have
get
...

# make

• 动词原型 / 裸不定式

I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time.
我使(让)狼也偶尔吃些胡萝卜 (这里的eat是裸不定式)
I can eat carrots.
我能吃胡萝卜 (这里的eat是动词原型)

• 形容词

The carrot made the wolf full.
胡萝卜使(让)狼饱了。

# let

• 动词原型 / 裸不定式

I'll let the wolf eat some chocolate.
我会让狼吃点巧克力。

• 副词

Let me out!
让我出去 (这里out是副词, 作宾语补语)

# have

• 动词原型 / 裸不定式

I'll have the wolf wash the dishes.
我会让狼洗盘子。(我把洗盘子的任务给狼做)

• 过去分词

I had my car washed.
My car was washed (by someone) as I wanted.
我让某人洗了我的车

I had my nails done.
My nails were done (by someone) as I wanted.
我让某人修了我的指甲

# get

• (完整) 不定式

I'll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.
我会让狼洗碗盘子再把厨房清理了(这里get是说服鼓励做某事)

• 过去分词

I got my nails done.
我让某人修了我的指甲

# 总结

使役动词
        表达含义：使，让，令...
        后接成分：
                宾语
                宾语补语
                        动词原型(裸不定式)
                        副词
                        过去分词
                        ...
        常用使役动词：
                make:迫使...做...
                let:允许...做...
                have:给...责任/任务
                get:说服/鼓励...做...

# 从句

# 形容词从句 (定语从句)

# 1、形容词从句的思维方式

The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.
兔子在吃一根我买来的胡萝卜

# 2、形容词从句构成

The rabbit is eating a carrot that I bought.
这里的that就是关系代词

The teacher who ate a carrot is a rabbit.
who就是关系代词

# that vs. which

先行词唯一的：that
先行词多选一：which

The rabbit ate the largest carrot that I've ever seen.
这里的carrot已经是最大的，是唯一的，所以用that

The rabbit ate a carrot which I bought.
这里是吃了我买的其中一个，是多选一，所以用which

# 关系副词引导的形容词从句

This was the place where(at which) the rabbit ate the carrot.
这是兔子吃胡萝卜的地方  可以使用where或at which

This is the reason why(for which) the rabbit ate the carrot.
这是兔子吃胡萝卜的原因  可以使用why或者for which

That was the day when(on which) the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.
这是兔子吃胡萝卜的那一天 可以使用when或者on which

# 限定性与非限定性

限定性形容词从句

The rabbit ate the carrot which was on the table.
限定了carrot的范围/性质

I have a head which is round.
我有好几个头，其中一个是圆的。

非限定性形容词从句

The rabbit ate the carrot, which was on the table.
兔子吃胡萝卜，胡萝卜在桌上

I have a head, which is round.
我有一个头，这个头是圆的。

# 名词从句

# 主语从句原理

That the rabbit ate a carrot is obvious
兔子吃了胡萝卜这件事是明显的

Whether the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
兔子为什么吃胡萝卜这件事是明显的

Where the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious。
兔子在哪里吃胡萝卜这件事是明显的

when the rabbit ate the carrot is obvious.
兔子什么时候吃胡萝卜这件事是明显的。

发现了主语从句是要以引导词开头的

# 形式主语

It is obvious that the hungry rabbit had already eaten a carrot for dinner this evening.
it在这里是形式主语,真正的主语是从句中的内容

It is obvious that the rabbit ate a carrot.
兔子吃了胡萝卜这件事是明显的

It is obvious whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
兔子为什么吃胡萝卜这件事是明显的

It is obvious where the rabbit ate the carrot.
兔子在哪里吃胡萝卜这件事是明显的

# 宾语从句

# 1、确定信息 & 不确定信息

确定信息
I saw that the rabbit ate a carrot.
我看见这兔子吃了根胡萝卜。

不确定
I saw whether the rabbit ate the carrot.
我看见兔子因为什么吃胡萝卜

I saw who ate the carrot.
我看见谁吃了胡萝卜

# 2、引导词 that 的省略

只有引导词 that 可以省略

I know (that) the rabbit ate a carrot.

不可省略引导词that的情况
I didn't know that the rabbit ate the carrot and that you saw it.
这里的that就不能去掉

# 否定加在谓语动词前，而非从句中

I don't think (that) the rabbit is smart.
I don't believe (that) you will give me some coins.

# 4、主从时态一致

I knew (that) the rabbit liked carrots.
主句从句都是过去式

I knew (that) the sun rises in the east.
只有从句是客观/永恒的才是原型

# 5、be + 形容词 + that...

I am sure that there's a carrot on the table.
我相信有胡萝卜在桌上

I am happy that there's a carrot on the table.
我很高兴胡萝卜在桌上

# 表语从句

# 表语从句系动词 (be 动词)

That the rabbit ate a carrot is a secret.
主语从句
 |
 V
The secret is that the rabbit ate a carrot.
表语从句

# 表语从句系动词 (非 be 动词)

It seems that the rabbit is hungry.

It feels that you're not telling the truth.
感觉你没有说实话

# 同位语从句

就是把主语换一种方式再说一次

The fact that the rabbit ate the carrot did not surprise me.
兔子吃了胡萝卜这个事实并没有让我吃惊

# 宾语补语从句

You can call me what you like.
这里me是宾语，而后面的what you like就是宾语补语从句
你可以随便叫我什么

My education made me smart.
我的教育成就了我

# 副词从句 (状语从句)

# 时间副词从句

# 1、在某一时间点之前

引导词：before

The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.
大灰狼串门之前，兔子吃了根胡萝卜

Before the wolf stopped by, the rabbit ate a carrot at home.

# 2、在某一时间点之中 (当时)

引导词：when，while， as

When: 时间点，“突然”
The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.
我到家的时候，兔子在吃胡萝卜。

while:时间段
The rabbit was eating a carrot while I was making a video.
我做视频的过程中，兔子在吃胡萝卜.

As:同时
I ate a carrot as I made the video.
我一边吃胡萝卜一边做视频

# 3、在某一时间点之后

引导词：after

The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.
大灰狼串门之后，兔子吃了根胡萝卜。

# 4、从之前某一时间点开始算

引导词：since

The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.
自从大灰狼串门，兔子已经分享了三根胡萝卜了。

# 5、知道之后的某一时间点

引导词：until

The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.
兔子一直在等待，知道大灰狼来串门。

# 6、一... 就...

引导词：as soon as

The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves .
大灰狼一离开兔子就要吃一个胡萝卜。

# 7、下次...

引导词：the next time

The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.
下次大灰狼来串门，兔子会一起分享最大的胡萝卜.

# 地点副词 (状语) 从句

引导词：where + "强调形式"(wherever,everywhere, anywhere)

The rabbit will go where he can find a carrot .
兔子将会去她可以吃胡萝卜的地方

The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot.
wherever(强调："不管"哪里)
兔子将会去她可以找到胡萝卜的不管任何地方

The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes.
everywhere(强调:"所有"地方)

The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes.
anywhere(强调："任何"地方)

# 比较副词从句

# 比较副词从句："更"

He is smarter than I am .

This carrot is bigger than that one.
This carrot is bigger than that one is.

# 比较副词从句："同样得..."

He is as smart as me.
This carrot is as big as that one.
She is as beautiful as Snow White.

# 比较副词从句："越... 越..."

the (比较级), the (比较级)

The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.
你越多练习英语，你就越流利。

# 条件副词从句

引导词：if,unless
从句总会比主句落后一个时间段

If you like this video, you will give it a thunbs-up.
如果你喜欢这个视频，你会给他点赞

Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.
除非你喜欢这个视频，你不会给他点赞

其他引导词：provided，as long as, in case

Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.
如果我的视频很棒，你会给他点赞

As long as I make excellent video, you will remain my follower.
只要我一直做高质量视频，你就会继续关注我

In case you don't understand,please comment below.
如果你不明白，请在下方评论

# 让步副词从句

假设
Even if I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
即使我看到了一根胡萝卜，我也不会吃它

事实 
Although/though/eventhough I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜，但我不会吃它

不管如何 no matter + 疑问词
No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.
不管什么事会发生，我都不会吃这胡萝卜。

# 方式副词从句

I feel good as if I had just eaten a carrot.
我感觉良好，就好像刚吃了一根胡萝卜一样
与现实事实相反的假设

Leave the carrot as it is.
别动这胡萝卜->像这胡萝卜原本那样，别碰它

# 原因副词从句

因果/语气：because > since > as
The rabbit ate the carrot because he was hungry.
兔子吃了胡萝卜，因为他饿了。

Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.
既然你饿了，你可以吃这胡萝卜

As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you.
因为你之前不在这，所以吃胡萝卜没带你

# because vs. for

You must really like me, for you have giben all my videos a thumbs-up.
你肯定很喜欢，(推测)你给我的视频都点赞了

for表示一种推测意思，而because则是因为所以

# 目的副词从句

In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an-nighter.
为了及时完成视频，我熬夜不睡
 |
 V
I pulled an all-nighter so that I could finish the video in time.
我熬夜不睡，就是为了及时完成视频
注意：so that不能放在句首

目的副词从句中一般使用：can, could, may, might, should, would.

# 结果副词从句

由 so that 构成

The temperature was low so that the lake froze.
气温很低，所以湖结冰了。

I ate so many carrots for lunch that I felt sick afterwards.
我吃了那么多胡萝卜，导致我之后感到不舒服
so... that...

It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once.
这是一个如此好吃的胡萝卜，以至于我一下就吃完它了。
such + 名词 + that

# 冠词

# 不定冠词

# 1、发音

a : 用于辅音音素前
an : 用于元音音素前
a rabbit
an apple
a university
an hour
注意！！看音标

# 2、用法

# 2.1、泛指用法

I saw a rabbit.
我看见兔子
(泛指一只)

A rabbit is smarter than a wolf.
兔子(泛指)比狼(泛指)聪明

# 2.2、表示数字 "1"

I gave you a hundred carrots.
我给你一百个胡萝卜

# 2.3、表示 "每"

I eat 10 carrots a day.
I eat 10 carrots every day.
我每天吃十根胡萝卜

# 2.4、主谓一致

a teacher and video creator.
一位老师兼视频创作者

a teacher and a video creator.
一位老师和一位视频创作者

# 2.5、固定表达

have a good time.
玩的开心

as a result.
因此，结果

in a hurry.
匆忙的

all of a sudden
突然

# 定冠词

# 1、发音

the
元音音素前要变

# 2、用法

# 2.1、特指

1、
I saw a rabbit. The rabbit ran fast.
我今天看到一只兔子，这只兔子跑得快
开始的a是第一次提到这个兔子，后面使用the则是双方都知道了是这只兔子

2、
用在序数词和形容词的最高级前
the first rabbit 
第一只兔子
the biggest carrot 
最大的胡萝卜

3、
独一无二的名词前
the sun 太阳
the moon 月亮
the earth 地球

# 2.2、泛指

I like playing the piano.
我喜欢弹钢琴(泛指"弹钢琴"这件事)

play the guitar 弹吉他
play the violin 拉小提琴
play the flute 吹笛子

# 2.3、在形容词前

the + 形容词: 指代一类人
the rich 富人
the poor 穷人

# 2.4、固定表达

all the time 一直，总是
by the way 顺便
out of the question 不可能，没门

# 零冠词

定义：名词前不用冠词的情况
主要作用：泛指

# 1、复数泛指

Rabbits are smart. 兔子聪明
Water is important. 水是重要的

# 2、泛指概念

I want to play football 我想踢足球
I like geography 我喜欢地理
in spring 在春天
in August 在八月
on Monday 在周一

# 3、专有名词

Papa rabbit 

# 4、固定表达

from time to time 不时地
face to face 面对面地
out of question 毫无疑问(out of the question 不可能)

# 介词

# 介词原理

时间信息；空间信息；方式信息；逻辑信息 (原因；目的；对象...)
"前置词"

# 介词的构成形式

# 简单介词

in: 在... 里；
to: 朝...
with: 和...

# 短语介词 (视作介词；不单独表完整义)

by way of 
通过...方式(介词 + 名词 + 介词)

at the end of 
在...的最后(介词 + the + 名词 + 介词)

along with 
和...一起(介词 + 介词)

because of
因为...(连词 + 介词)

previous to 
...之前(形容词 + 介词)

# 合成介词

into 到...之上
onto 到...之上
within 在...之内
notwitstanding 尽管 

# 分词介词

including 包括
regarding 关于...；至于...
considering 鉴于...;考虑到...
given 考虑到...；如果...

# about

# 关于 (外围；有涉及，非核心)

I know something about the rabbit.
我知道关于这个兔子的事儿

# 大约 (从外大范围大致数)

There are about 20 carrots.
大约有20根胡萝卜

# 针对 (从外向内地解决问题)

Let's do something about the problem.
让我们做些事儿解决问题

# 某人某事有某种特性

There's something dangerous about the wolf.
狼有点危险的特质(狼感觉有点危险)

# 到处 (在外面来来回回)

Stop running about!
别来来回回跑！

# on

Dinner is on me.
晚餐我付钱

The burden of paying for dinner is on me.
为晚餐付钱的重任在我身上。

# beyond

It's beyond me.
我无法理解

It is beyond the things that I can understand.
这在我能理解的事情的范围之外。

# In

in the sun 
在阳光下

dressed in white 
穿着白衣服

in English 
用英语

# In vs. On vs. At

范围依次降低

I'm walking in the street.
我在大街上走。(大范围)
in a year 在一年内

There is some trash on the street.
街上有些垃圾(中范围)
on that day 在那一天

Right now I'm at Carrot Street and Apple Street.
现在我在胡萝卜街和苹果街的交界处(小范围)
at 8 o'clock 在8点钟

# 常见英语介词的用法

# 表示空间的介词

# In

在... 里面

in the house
在房屋里

in the park 
在公园里

in the country
在国内

# on

在... 上面

on the table 
在桌子上 

on the floor 
在地板上 

# in vs. on

on the tree 
长在树上的
There are some apples on the tree.
书上结着一些苹果

in the tree 
(外部事物)在树里 
There are some birds in the tree.
书上有一些鸟

# at

在某处

at the corner of the street 
在街道拐角

The bus stopped at the bus station.
公交车在车站停下了.

# over

覆盖；在... 上方；越过上空

The mother put a blanket over the child
妈妈把毯子盖在孩子身上

The bridge over the river 
在河上的桥

the lamp over the table 
在桌上方的灯 

The plane flew over the mountain.
飞机飞跃过高山

# above

在... 上方 (高于平面)

the sky above us  
在我们上方的天空

# at vs. over vs. above

on：有接触的上方
over：可以描述动态
above：不能描述动态

# under

在... 下方 (指在某物的正下方，含垂直在下方的意思)

There is a ball under the desk 
球在桌子的下面

# below

在... 下方 (表示低于某个平面，可以是正下方，也可以不是)

The rabbit dived below the surface of the water.
兔子潜入了水下

# near

在... 附近；在... 周边

near the hospital
在医院附近

# by 和 beside

在... 旁边

There is a hotel by/beside the river 
在河边有个旅馆

# next to

靠近；紧挨着

the building next to the school 
紧挨着学校的建筑

near 表示有点距离
by/beside/next to 就可以互换 (紧挨着)

# across

(从表面) 横过

go across the street 
穿过马路

swim across the river 
游过河

# through

(从内部) 穿过

go through the tunnel
穿过隧道 

walk through the forest
穿过森林 

look through the window
透过窗户看

# past

经过；路过

The rabbit walked past the wolf without saying any words.
兔子从狼身边经过，没说一句话。

# in front of

在... 前方

The rabbit is standing in front of the wolf.
兔子站在狼前面

# Before

在... 之前

She played the violin before the crowd.
她在众人面前拉小提琴 

# behind

在... 之后

The wolf is standing behind the rabbit.
狼站在兔子的后面

# between

在... 之间
between...and...

The carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf.
胡萝卜在兔子和狼之间

You shouldn't eat between meals.
你不应该在正餐之间吃东西。

# among

在... 之间 (三者或者更多)

The rabbit is standing among the carrots.
兔子站在葫芦卜之间

# round 和 around

围绕；环绕

trees round/around the field 
环绕田地四周的树 

around the world 
全世界

# along

沿着；顺着

Walk along this road
沿着这条路一直走

# to

向；朝

go to school 
去上学

# toward 和 towards

朝着... 的方向

walk toward home.
朝家走

# onto

到... 上面

The rabbit jumped onto the table 
兔子跳到桌子上

# into

到... 里面

walk into the house.
走进房子

# out of

从里面出来

get out of the car 
从车里出来

# opposite

在... 对面

Our school is opposite my house.
我们的学校在我家对面。

# against

与... 相反；倚，靠

We were rowing against the current.
我们逆水行舟 

The rabbit was leaning against the tree.
兔子正倚着一棵树

# up

沿... 向上

up the hill 
上山 
up the river 
沿着河流逆流而上

# down

沿... 向下

walk down the road 
沿着这条路走下去

roll down the hill 
从山上滚下去

# off

离... 有一定距离

New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia.
新西兰离澳大利亚东海岸有一些距离

# 表示时间的介词

# during

持续；在... 期间

during the past 2 days 
在过去的2天里 

during the past 2 weeks 
在过去的2周里

during the past 2 years 
在过去的2年里

# for

因为...；因... 持续

I've been learning English for 2 years.
我持续学习英语两年时间

# Since

自从

since last week 
自从上周以来

# before

在... 之前

before Monday 
星期一之前 

before 2020 
在2020年之前

# After

在... 之后

after two years
两年之后

# from...to...

从... 到...

from 9:00 to 10:00
从9点到10点

# by

在... 附近 / 旁边；不超过... 边界；不迟于... 前

by 2 o'clock 在2点之前
by tomorrow 在明天之前

# until

知道... 为止

until 8 o'clock 
知道8点为止

# 表示方式的介词

# in

... 方式；在... 里面

Let's talk in English 
让我们用英语对话

# through

通过... 方式；穿过

We succeed through hard work.
我们通过努力工作而成功。

# by

通过...；在... 旁边

We learn English by watching videos.
我们通过看视频学英语

I go to work by car.

# with

用...；和... 一起

We write with pens .
我们用笔写字

# On

在... 上面

We talked on the phone.
我们通过电话进行交谈

# 表示原因的介词

# for

因为...；由于...

This rabbit is famous for being able to speak.
这只兔子因会说话出名

# with

和... 一起
... 和... 分不开的原因

The rabbit is shaking with cold.
兔子冷得发抖

# because of + 名词

The rabbit didn't go out because of the rain.
因为下雨，兔子没出去。

The rabbit didn't go out due to/owing to/on account of the rain.

# 表示关于的介词

# about

在... 外面；关于

Could you tell me something about your school?
你能给我讲一些关于你学校的事情吗？

# of

此外的；附加的

He thought of something important.
他想起了一些重要的事情。

# On

在... 上面；关于

Would you like some advice on learning English?
你想要些关于学习英语的建议吗？

# 表示数值的介词

# at

在某处

at a high price 
在一个高的价格(点)

at a fast rate 
以一个很快的速率

# by

(后接度量标准)

They get paid by the hour.
他们按小时拿报酬。

# for

以... 的价钱

I bought these books for 100 Yuan.
我买这些书花了100元。

# 表示状态的介词

# in

在... 里；在... 状态中；

in progress 在进行中
in a dilemma. 处于进退两难的境地中

# On

在... 之上
受到之下... 的支持 (的状态)

on a diet 在节食支持的状态
on drugs 在药物支持的状态

# at

在某处；在某个状态

at work 在工作
at dinner 在吃晚饭

# under

在... 下面；在 (框架，前提) 下

under construction
在施工中

under discussion
在讨论中

# 表示排除的介词

# besides

除了... 还

I like many things besides carrots.
除了胡萝卜，我还喜欢很多东西。

# except

除了

Everyone went to the party except the rabbit.
大家都去了聚会除了兔子

except for(往往是对前面的内容进行反驳)
The party is great except for the loud music.
聚会很棒，除了嘈杂的音乐。

# 介词短语

介词短语可以作为很多句子成分
通常作状语修饰动作

The rabbit ate a carrot at noon.
中午，兔子吃了一根胡萝卜

The rabbit is eating a carrot in the kitchen.
兔子正在厨房吃一根胡萝卜

The rabbit likes traveling by car.
兔子喜欢乘车出游

# 介词固定搭配

for example 比如
at ease 自在
in turn 依次
need for 需要...
long for 渴望...
ready for 准备...

# 名词

# 普通名词

rabbit

# 单数名词和复数名词

one rabbit 
two tabbits

特例：
box -> boxes
man -> men
child -> children

# 可数普通名词

rabbit
carrot

team: 队伍
        1、指一个队伍(单数)
        2、指队伍中的所有成员(复数)

police
people

# 不可数普通名词

peace 和平
honesty 诚实
water 水
air 空气
beer 啤酒
milk 牛奶
wood 木材
paper 纸

# 专有名词

首字母大写

Earth 地球
Asia 亚洲
China 中国
Bank of China 中国银行
New Year 新年

# 专有名词的可数 / 不可数

有的语境下专有名词也可以可数

There's a Michael downstairs looking for you.
楼下有个叫Michael的人在找你(世界上有很多人叫Michael的)

Which Michael are you talking about? Are you talking about the Michael whom we met last week?
你在说哪个Michael？你再说我们上周见到的那个Michael吗？(这里的Michael就是特指了)

# 到底什么是可数的？

water 水
当water表示水域时，就可以变成复数
international waters
国际水域
a glass of water 一杯水
two glasses of water 两杯水
a type of fruit 一类水果
two types of fruit 两类水果

# 名词所有格

# 's 所有格

the rabbit's carrot 
兔子的胡萝卜

the team's success
队伍的成功

Tom and Jerry's room
Tom和Jerry共有的房间(表示共有的话，只需要在最后一个名词后加s即可)

today's news
今天的新闻

# of 所有格

用于描述所修饰名词的性质特征

the paper's quality. -> the quality of the paper
the peace's influence -> the influence of the peace
today's news -> the news of today.

# 双重所有格

I am a friend of Michael's.
我是Michael众多朋友中的一员。

a photo of Michael's
Michael拥有的照片中的一张
a photo of Michael
Michael出境的照片之一

# 代词

# 1、人称代词

# 1.1、人称代词介绍

There is a rabbit. It is white. It is eating a carrot. It looks happy.
有只兔子，它是白色的，它在吃一根胡萝卜，它看起来很开心。
这里的it就是人称代词

Who is he? Do you know?
I don't know. I thought you knew him.
这里用到的就是人称代词

# 1.2、人称代词的 ' 格'

I saw him.
He also saw me.